〔阳〕巡回展览派艺术家(俄国十九世纪下半叶进步的写实派艺术家, 常将作品巡回展览).

20世纪上半叶

первая половина 20-го века

中国首先发明印刷术。公元6世纪下半叶到7世纪上半叶的隋、唐之际，中国就发明了雕版印刷，到9世纪，开始了大规模的雕版印书。北宋庆历年间，平民毕升发明用胶泥焙烧的活字，开始了活字印刷。约在8世纪中叶，印刷术传到国外。

Printing originated in China. In the period between the Sui Dynasty in the second half of the 6th century and the Tang Dynasty in the first half of the early 7th century, lithographic printing was invented and, in the 9th century, a large number of books began to be printed by the lithographic process. In the reign of Emperor Qingli of the Northern Song Dynasty (960 A.D.-1127 A.D.), a common fellow named Bi Sheng invented printing by movable type and started to use baked clay types for printing. The technology was introduced to other countries in about the mid-8th century.

从19世纪后半叶的8000至21世纪早期的30万

Не более 8000 во второй половине Xix века, около 300 000 в начале Xxi века.